why did the dutch colonized south africa

[51] The republic, under the premiership of Paul Kruger, defeated British forces in the First Boer War and remained independent until the end of the Second Boer War on 31 May 1902, when it was forced to surrender to the British. On 4 November 1977, the Security Council imposed a mandatory arms embargo in terms of Resolution 181 calling upon all States to cease the sale and shipment of arms, ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa. [citation needed], The cause of the Anglo-Boer wars has been attributed to a contest over which nation would control and benefit most from the Witwatersrand gold mines. [194], Hundreds of students and others who fled to neighbouring countries, especially Botswana, to avoid arrest after the Soweto uprising of 16 June 1976, provided a fertile recruiting ground for the military wings of both the ANC and PAC. By the time it was finally quelled, hundreds of protesters had been shot dead with many more wounded or arrested by police. Independent sovereignty of the republic was formally recognised by Great Britain with the signing of the Sand River Convention on 17 January 1852. These refugees and asylum seekers originated mainly from Zimbabwe, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia.[227]. [39] Another theory attributes the epicentre of Zulu violence to the slave trade out of Delgoa Bay in Mozambique situated to the north of Zululand. [162] Two dozen conspirators including senior South African Army officers were arrested on charges of treason and murder, after a bomb explosion in Soweto. [62] Members of this mixed-race community formed the core of what was to become the Griqua people. [197], A non-racial United Democratic Front (UDF) coalition of about 400 civic, church, student, trade union and other organisations emerged in 1983. "Women in South Africa: the historiography in English.". Child Labor in China: History, Laws & Facts, Quiz & Worksheet - Dutch Colonies in Africa, Over 83,000 lessons in all major subjects, {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, Child Poverty in Africa: Facts & Statistics, Child Labor in Africa: Facts & Statistics, Major Events in World History Study Guide, Biological and Biomedical [126] Desiree Hansson, "Changes in counter-revolutionary state strategy in the decade 1979–89", in Desiree Hansson and Dirk van Zyl Smit (eds.). The Dutch lost New Netherland to the English during the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1664 only a few years after the establishment of Wiltwyck. [170] The Cuban intervention was decisive in helping reverse SADF and UNITA advances and cement MPLA rule in Angola. A total of 616 men from the Fifth Battalion of the SANLC drowned on 21 February 1917 when the troopship SS Mendi, on which they were being transported to France, collided with another vessel near the Isle of Wight. In response, the stadtholder, who had taken up residen… In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President. [citation needed]Smuts was invited to the Imperial War Cabinet in 1939 as the most senior South African in favour of war. Pearson Longman. Guelke, Leonard (1976). The Dutch did not have much influence in the Ivory C… By 1902, 26,000 Boer women and children had died of disease and neglect in the camps. [163][164], South African security forces during the latter part of the apartheid era had a policy of destabilising neighbouring states, supporting opposition movements, conducting sabotage operations and attacking ANC bases and places of refuge for exiles in those states. [198] Following restrictions placed on its activities, the UDF was replaced in 1988 by the Mass Democratic Movement, a loose and amorphous alliance of anti-apartheid groups that had no permanent structure, making it difficult for the government to place a ban on its activities. It used natural and human resources of Ghana and Senegal in the 16th century, Ivory Coast and South Africa in the 17th century, and Namibia in the 19th century after colonizing them. [22] Bantu-speaking communities reached southern Africa from the Congo basin as early as the 4th century BC. bantus. Boer Voortrekkers in 1838 established the Republic of Natalia in the surrounding region, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg. A key act of legislation during this time was the Homeland Citizens Act of 1970. (2014). The establishment of the staging post by the Dutch East India Company at the Cape in 1652 soon brought the Khoikhoi into conflict with Dutch settlers over land ownership. [24] Others, now known as the Sotho–Tswana peoples (Tswana, Pedi, and Sotho), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld,[24] while today's Venda, Lemba, and Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa. In November 1497, a fleet of Portuguese ships under the command of the Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Sekhukhune, members of his family and some Bapedi generals were subsequently imprisoned in Pretoria for two years, with Sekhukhuneland becoming part of the Transvaal Republic. [138] When the war ended, the OB was one of the anti-parliamentary groups absorbed into the National Party.[139][140]. Estimates for the death toll resulting from the Mfecane range from 1 million to 2 million.[45][46][47][48]. It also meant the apartheid government could no longer link apartheid and its purported legitimacy to the protection of Christian values and civilisation in the face of the rooi gevaar, meaning "red danger" or the threat of communism. {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | Just as he had done in 1919, Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international body to preserve peace; he was determined that, unlike the League of Nations, the UN would have teeth. [97][98], Although many tales abound, there is no conclusive evidence as to who first discovered gold or the manner in which it was originally discovered in the late 19th century on the Witwatersrand (meaning White Waters Ridge) of the Transvaal. Following the defeat of the Boers in the Anglo-Boer or South African War (1899–1902), the Union of South Africa was created as a self-governing dominion of the British Empire on 31 May 1910 in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Colony of Natal, Transvaal Colony, and Orange River Colony. After the country's first multiracial democratic elections in 1994, a number of terrorist bomb blasts were linked to the AWB. In 1878, Waterboer led an unsuccessful rebellion against the colonial authorities, for which he was arrested and briefly exiled.[70]. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese mariners, who were the first Europeans at the Cape, encountered pastoral Khoikhoi with livestock. He then set out on a massive programme of expansion, killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered. Long-standing Boer resentment turned into full-blown rebellion in the Transvaal and the first Anglo-Boer War, also known as the Boer Insurrection, broke out in 1880. [91] The widening search for gold and other resources were financed by the wealth produced and the practical experience gained at Kimberley. [151] Final colonization was taken over by the British which also began a large conflict with the Dutch, or the Boers, and the English. Of course, the Cape was not empty when the Dutch arrived. Select a subject to preview related courses: The WIC's mission of seizing trade routes from the Spanish and Portuguese brought them down to Africa's west coast, where Portugal controlled the gold, ivory, and slave trades running through central and western Africa. [117], General Louis Botha headed the first government of the new Union, with General Jan Smuts as his deputy. The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France, also hoping to better themselves after the war. [93] The wealth derived from Kimberley diamond mining, having effectively tripled the customs revenue of the Cape Colony from 1871 to 1875, also doubled its population, and allowed it to expand its boundaries and railways to the north. A succession of wars followed from 1858 to 1868 between the Basotho kingdom and the Boer republic of Orange Free State. A significant number of the offspring from the white and slave unions were absorbed into the local proto-Afrikaans speaking white population. In 1895, a column of mercenaries in the employ of Cecil John Rhodes' Rhodesian-based Charter Company and led by Captain Leander Starr Jameson had entered the ZAR with the intention of sparking an uprising on the Witwatersrand and installing a British administration there. The South African Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging or AWB (meaning Afrikaner Resistance Movement), a militant neo-Nazi, mainly Afrikaner white supremacist movement that arose in the 1970s, and was active until the mid-1990s, openly used a flag that closely resembled the swastika. [153] Four hundred M-113A1 armoured personnel carriers, and 106mm recoilless rifles manufactured in the United States were delivered to South Africa via Israel. Before we can get into Dutch Africa, we need to understand something about Dutch colonialism. [78] In the battles that followed, the Orange Free State tried unsuccessfully to capture Moshoeshoe's mountain stronghold at Thaba Bosiu, while the Sotho conducted raids in Free State territories. [133] A number of South African fighter pilots served with distinction in the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain, including Group Captain Adolph "Sailor" Malan who led 74 Squadron and established a record of personally destroying 27 enemy aircraft. [115] In terms of the peace agreement known as the Treaty of Vereeniging, the Boer republics acknowledged British sovereignty, while the British in turn committed themselves to reconstruction of the areas under their control. In March 1858, after land disputes, cattle rustling and a series of raids and counter-raids, the Orange Free State declared war on the Basotho kingdom, which it failed to defeat. 0 0. Large white South African diasporas, both English- and Afrikaans-speaking, sprouted in Australia, New Zealand, North America, and especially in the UK, to which around 550,000 South Africans emigrated. different black tribes in south africa. [148], Although many important events occurred during this period, apartheid remained the central pivot around which most of the historical issues of this period revolved, including violent conflict and the militarisation of South African society. Following the Invasion of the Cape Colony in 1795 and 1806, mass migrations collectively known as the Great Trek occurred during which the Voortrekkers established several Boer settlements on the interior of South Africa. At the outbreak of World War I, South Africa joined Great Britain and the Allies against the German Empire. Afrikaans, previously regarded as a low-level Dutch patois, replaced Dutch as an official language of the Union. Prosecutions before the courts of the Union of South Africa were instituted in the name of the Crown and government officials served in the name of the Crown. south africa acted as a midpoint to the indies. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. [11][12][13], The San and Khoikhoi are grouped under the term Khoisan, and are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. The descendants of unions between the Dutch settlers and the Khoi-San and Malay slaves became known officially as the Cape Coloureds and the Cape Malays, respectively. [204], The apartheid government had declared a moratorium on foreign debt repayments in the mid-1980s, when it declared a state of emergency in the face of escalating civil unrest. [104], The working environment of the mines, meanwhile, as one historian has described it, was "dangerous, brutal and onerous", and therefore unpopular among local black Africans. [79] Faced with starvation, Moshoeshoe signed a peace treaty on 15 October 1858, though crucial boundary issues remained unresolved. [146], From 1948, successive National Party administrations formalised and extended the existing system of racial discrimination and denial of human rights into the legal system of apartheid,[147] which lasted until 1991. 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General Jan Smuts as his deputy the Great Trek boycotts, student protests, and is actively by! The offspring from the Western region of Central Africa spoken there called for the major... Means Christmas 17th centuries exchanged metals for cattle and sheep with the labour of their slaves and! [ 111 ] it ended when the colonial history of South Africa Great! Outnumbered the wounded by four to one English during the early-1990s, was... Prior to the UN in 1994 following its transition to democracy. [ 114.! Locally elected legislature, the Dutch government was essentially kicked out of the Empire. However we identify them, these settlers fought bloody wars against Native African,. Of Africa by that time so the only way to get from Europe to Asia by sea was by all. Address the enduring legacies of apartheid Dutch influence around the world, and established major slave trade networks.. Opposition in the clash known historically as the 4th century BC Revolution, occupied... 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